Writing about Manchester( see the description) Essay

Writing about Manchester( see the description) - Essay Example This appeared very intriguing and prompted my interest to delve further into the history of Manchester. In the 16th century the city was important for wool trade, and then in the 18th century, with the onset of the industrial revolution, it became known for textile production (Answers.Com, 2008). In the second half of the 20th century, after being beset with urban and industrial problems, the city redeveloped, ushering in cultural renaissance. As the textile industry grew and large warehouses were built to store and display the spun yard and finished cloth, the population grew as well. The population grew from 25,000 in 1772 to 90,000 in 1800 (Spartacus, n.d.). With the opening of the Railways in 1830 the population further increased. The population increased to 455,000 by 1851 and the housing conditions were appalling. Formal education started in the city in 1851 when a cotton merchant, John Owens, died in 1946 and left most of his wealth to establish a further education college for men. The nonconformist business community in Manchester supported this projected and helped raise furt her fund. Manchester has always occupied a special place in the British culture. It has always displayed a sense of independence and fostered a do-it-yourself-spirit (Haslam, 2007). It has absorbed migrants from all over and draws energy from its surroundings. The city was primarily a warehouse city linked to the northern mill-towns like Blackburn Burnley and Rochdale. John Dalton and Samuel Arkwright helped create a thriving and vibrant economy during the Victorian times (Moss, 2002). With textiles and other trades a young dynamic city was created, whose symbol is the worker bee. This emblem is repeated in mosaics all over the floor of the Town Hall in Manchester. The city also enjoys a cultural mix of people from various lands. In the Victorian era there was more of the Nonconformist, Liberal Class. While popular culture

Local Government Strategy Training Materials Essay

Local Government Strategy Training Materials - Essay Example Part 1 section 1 clearly states the major purpose of this Act as the need to provide a democratic and effective local government that clearly recognizes the important diversity realized in the country (Local Government Online, 2013). 2) Indeed, the Local Government plays a very important role in New Zealand. In Part 2 Section 10 of the Act, the Local Governments are meant to provide effective governance to the community at the local level and provide a valuable contribution to the social, economic and political wellbeing of the people. The Act further grants the local governments the relevant powers and capacity to ensure they can fulfill their mandate as specified in the Act. The powers of the local authorities are subject to other provisions of the Act and this ensures accountability and consultation of the local governments with other relevant authorities. 3 a) The Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi originated from the case filed in the high court, in which the New Zealand Maori Council sought to ensure that the restructuring of the government did not interfere with the assets which had been owned by the Maori. The principles are therefore intended to ensure a maintaining of the proper working environment between the Maori and the wider community of New Zealand. In this regard, there must be a compromise from the two sides in order to meet the goals of the Principles. The focus here is to ensure partnership and mutual benefit in the context of protecting the interests of the Maori. The principles therefore stress upon good faith, partnership active protection and the importance of compromise from both parties to ensure a proper working relationship (New Zealand Legislation, 2013). b) The clause seeks to provide a framework through which the Maori can be involved in decision making in the local authorities in order to grant them the opportunities to address their challenges. In any case, the principles greatly stress upon the need for participation and cons ultation between the Maori and the wider community and this clause therefore stresses upon that important need. 4) A bylaw is essentially a form of law or rule that is established by a community or organization in order to regulate itself. The law is usually established in accordance with some higher law or authority. Bylaws are normally different with other laws since their only apply to the entity within which they are established. In commonwealth countries, bylaws are regulated by the central governments of the countries and should therefore meet specific guidelines as specified by the law. 5) The constitution of New Zealand recognizes the three branches of government and clearly stipulates their core mandates. The constitution stresses upon the â€Å"separation of powers† and the three government organs are therefore independent in terms of operations. The legislature, judiciary and executive are nevertheless expected to work in collaboration in order to ensure compliance with the law. The function of the parliament is to make laws while the executive exercises these laws. The judiciary is an independent body that is mandated to interpret and ensure compliance with the laws in the country. The executives expected to consult the Judiciary on legislative and policy proposals. In the same way, the three organs are expected to respect the functions of one another in order to promote separation of power

Immigration and Cultural Identity

Immigration and Cultural Identity This research paper focus on the many concerns about adult immigrants perceptions of their own pronunciation problems and the many challenges faces at times speaking with a accent. People are pushed and sometime forced to learn English as a common language in the United States. However, what should adult immigrants attitude towards English as Second Language (ESL) be? And in what ways should we as immigrants learn it? Immigrants from different nation converge upon the United States in searching for a better life for family or simple to fulfill a long life dream. Jamaican group is no exception with a combination of dialect, such as Patios/Creole languages. Many if not all adult immigrants learner perceive that pronunciation of Standard American English played a role in their communication breakdown that lead to consequences of speaking with a foreign accent. As I will show shortly, the combination of Patios/Creole language is so thick and distinctive, it separate from the dominant English language or we should say, the universal language (English). A couple of months ago, my uncle who is only a few months old here in the United States, was unfortunately suffer a stroke that affected his left arm and left foot and was placed in a nursing home for rehabilitation. When visited him at lunch or dinner time, the nurses always appear transparently and confused when they serve my uncle his food, because he would always reply me noh like this yah food, it nuh have noh tase. I can also relate to recently arrive Jamaican immigrants having a communication breakdown with their American associate. In the case of Jamaican Patios/Creole, specific language difficulties were identified as accents and the social effects along with interaction help played a role in how immigrants assimilate in the United States. Immigrant learner like myself also tends to produce a target-like variant (e.g., me noh nuh nutten) in one context and a non-target like variant (e.g., I dont know nothing). According to University of Toronto Press Incorporated (Tracey M. Derwing), This study concerns adult immigrants perceptions of their own pronunciation problems and the consequences of speaking with a foreign accent. Interviews were conducted with 100 intermediate proficiency ESL students (58 of whom belonged to a visible minority). Over half the respondents felt that pronunciation played a role in their communication problems. Jamaican immigrants leave behind a country where they are the majority to one where they are the minority. Their language and settlement in the United States are compounded by discrimination based on cultural differences and are often stereotyped as having poor language and communication skills if a dialect being defined by its pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. Tracey M. Derwing (Journal article by University of Toronto Press Incorporated) further states that When asked whether they had been discriminated against because of accent, two thirds said no, but when asked if people would respect them more if they pronounced English well, the majority agreed. English continue proven to be very challenging, it is not easy learned, especially for adults. It is proven to be most difficult languages because it is so irregular. For example, base infinitive [broadcast], past simple [broadcast] and past participle [broadcast]. Immigrants find it difficult to learn Standard American English especially when pushed and sometime forced to learn English as a Second language (ESL). Example, our immigration system, Bloomberg-Businessweek listed, PRO: LANGUAGE SKILLS EQUAL SUCCESS (by Havovi Cooper). One of the few immigration laws that makes any sense to me is the one requiring immigrants to learn and speak English before they can attain citizenship. Concerning adult immigrants attitude towards English as Second Language (ESL), the U.S. is a country that has been built on immigration and immigrants bring their own culture and belief systems into a new society. I must say, people are most comfortable with what they already know and believe in. People instinctively defend and embrace what is theirs, whether it is a tangible piece of dress code or an intangible cultural belief, people are not ready or willing to open-up to invasion of their culture by another. Laurie Olsen, (jstor.org) wrote, learning English is not just a matter of coding an alphabet, learning vocabulary, and hearing subtleties of accent. For immigrants students, the seemingly straightforward task students in a classroom with a teacher helping them understand and learn to use English is imbued with the weight of social and political complexity that goes far beyond simple the matter of acquiring a second language. Learning English is at the center of a national debate over what it means to be a diverse society and to incorporate immigrants from around the world (Crawford, 1992). The intensity of this polarized political debate reverberates throughout the classrooms of this nation where immigrants try to discover and understand their place in their new land. Most immigrants would like to mastery of the Standard English language in hope of finding employment and will also serve as a stepping-stone that will enhance their life. The question is; in what ways should we as immigrants learn it? Speaking for myself, as immigrant it takes determination and courage, but there are many avenues to learn English language besides a teacher-led program in a classroom. You have to learn as you go (self-teach), meaning you can learn from friends, families, conversation heard on the street, community centers, playground or in your community church. According to website, literacy.uconn.edu, within these pages, youll find easy access to a wide assortment of literacy ideas customized for classroom teachers of students who are learning English as a second language (ESL) or English as a foreign language (EFL). (Roger Reed) states that, The National Institute for Literacy (n.d.) stated that English as a Second Language (ESL) programs are the fastest growing area of state-administered adult education programs. Demands for ESL instruction continue to increase while federal expenditures for ESL and bilingual education have decreased (Board on Children and Families, 1995). This contradictory response has created years-long waiting lists for ESL programs across the country. There are other programs that allow individuals with limited English proficiency (LEP) skills an opportunity to acquire the English language. Immigrants may ask, what the one social consequence? When reflect on what my uncle says to the nurses each time they serve him food, they did not correct him, they may not understand his language, some may find humor or they find it embarrassing, If the situation is clear, the meaning and use of the vocabulary pronunciation and grammar item also becomes clear. In conclusion, whether English is turning into a global language, immigrants accent and pronunciation of words will continue to be undesirable things for both learning and teaching. It may continue to be the focus of many debates and controversies among immigrants and educators if a dialect continue being defined by its pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, as well as its accent.

The Main Cause of Mental Illness Essay -- Health Care, Diseases

The main cause of mental illness has been confusing because there are multiple components of causes with various correlates. In order to make clear of this confusion, the present essay explores the causes of mental illness primarily found inside the individual, outside the individual and is a combination of the two. It is concluded that the causes of mental illness are primarily found a combination of the inside and outside causes. Mental illness is the condition that significantly impede with an individual’s emotional, cognitive or social abilities (Savy and Sawyer, 2009). According to (Savy and Sawyer, 2009) neurological, metabolic, genetic and psychological causes are contributing factors for various types of mental illness like depression, schizophrenia, substance abuse and progression of condition. An elaborate system known as DSM-IV-TR gives a classification system that acts to separate mental illness into diagnostic categories based on the description of symptoms of illness (Savy and Sawyer, 2009). The exact primarily causes of mental illness are complicated, however, it seems to occur in a psychologically and biologically prone individual, in the trigger of environmental and social stress (Elder, Evans and Nizette, 2007). In some cases the causes of mental illness primarily found inside the individual. Some of them have been associated with an abnormal balance of neurotransmitters in the brain. If they are out of balance the communication between nerve cell in the brain disrupted (Royal Australian and New Zealand College of psychiatrist, 2005). Hence, leading to symptoms of mental illness like depression, schizophrenia. On the other hand, genetics also plays a significant role to acquire mental disorder, which is passed... ...e in the neurodevelopment cycle, such as increased neuronal dysfunction with decreased connectivity and increases in loss of neuropril and extrinsic factor like substance abuse, developmental stress, relationship problem(Elder, Evans and Nizette, 2007). All in all, the cause of mental illness can be summarised as a complex combination of psychological, social and biological response to environmental stressors, responding behaviour, physiology and connected to social context (Savy and Sawyer, 2009). Mental illness has been developed primarily due to the cause of circumstances around the individual and way of individual’s action to tolerate the situation. Hence, the combination of causes outside and inside the individual results in mental illness. Individual preference such as drug and alcohol use also develops and worsens the mental health problems, in some cases.

Kingship in Macbeth

Throughout the play we see many of Shakespeare's ideas on the topic and theme of kingship but also what he thought the qualities a man should have to rule his country Macbeth is a play about power and about how the characters in the play handle it and use it. These characters are judged as leaders by their personalities, relationships with their subjects and their attitude towards the country. The characters Duncan, Macbeth, Malcolm and Edward all represent their own brand of kingship and as the play progresses we see the faults in each of these. The first to represent kingship in the play is Duncan. He is loved by his subjects and this love is well deserved and Duncan may be considered the most generous and loved king but that does not mean he is infallible. He is a good king has two sons and cares for Scotland. He is described as a sainted king by Macduff in Act 4 scene 3. Duncan places a lot of trust upon his soldiers and they are very loyal as we see in the bleeding captain fighting against mercenaries and Macbeth says himself his loyalty and service to Duncan is sufficient for his reward and also says †he hath honoured him of late† and the essence of Duncan's good nature creates doubts in Macbeth with regards to the murder and Lady Macbeth has also experienced this kindness, a large diamond received for been a good hostess. We see Duncan is decisive when it comes to the matter of traitors as the thane of Cawdor is executed swiftly following his deception from Duncan's ranks. We also see a definite flaw in his nature as he is naive and overly trusting, this is evident when he says † there is no art to find the minds construction in the face † and his ability to sense the deception and treason of the thane of Cawdor and Macbeth shows a lot about his short comings in dealing with certain aspects of his rule which at the time the play was set it was a very important ability to have as a king and his misplaced trust is seen in his haste to reward Macbeth with his new title of Cawdor. In act 4 scene 3 Malcolm lists of the traits of a good king including justice, verity, temperance, stableness, bounty, perseverance, mercy, lowliness, devotion, patience, courage and fortitude and Macduff in response says a king without any of the following does not deserve to live. Also in this scene we see Malcolm testing MacDuff's loyalty saying he is worse than Macbeth, even though it's not very ensuring that his believable lying and a quickness to flee following his father's murder shows fear but it does show he is learning from the mistakes of his father which is a subtlety in the play as to what kind of king he would be. On a more evident note we do see he does know the characteristics of a king and already has loyalty from his subjects which shows a much more stable rule but is questionable if his accession to the throne was smooth and he will remain reliant on his nobles as I father once was. The main issue of the play regarding kingship regards the rule of Macbeth which gives a scenario of the latent potential for evil in kingship. It is clear Macbeths only interest is in his own agenda and plans which seriously contrasts with the list read out by Malcolm in the scene previously mentioned. Macbeth's unstable rule is only maintained by resorting only to murder and terror against his subject and Macbeths use of these tools is mainly caused by hi deep rooted insecurity. This shows kingship has the potential for good and for evil . In the time of Shakespeare the King was believed to be an agent of God and God himself spoke through the king and as Macbeth is not rightfully king his control disturbs the natural order of nature and the earth becomes †feverous† showing the connection between kingship, nature, and all things balanced is to Shakespeare and the majority of his people at the time believed was real. The killing of Duncan to obtain the crown was also described as †unsanctified† due to Duncan being instilled with †divine right† which raises the issue that Macbeths crime is not only unjustly but unholy and a crime against God himself. Macbeth being aware of this prior to the murder he said he would †jump the life to come† meaning he is damned. These thought of eternal damnation weighs heavily in Macbeth's corrupted mind and is a catalyst for his declining unpopularity as the king and is described as a tyrant, hell-kite, usurper, butcher and as devilish which also agrees with the religious side of his kingship. Coming up to the end of Macbeths reign we see he has alienated and abandoned his wife, ordered the killing of innocent women and children and his best friend and has lost the loyalty of all his Thanes and now completely relies on occult prophesies which were completely still led to the demise of the once ambitious soldier, Macbeth. Addressing the character of Edward even though he doesn't show up on stage at all he is established as Macbeths opposite and contrasting sharply in regards to the religious aspect of the play, the doctor says people are healed by his †holy touch† , †solicits heaven† and is †full of grace†. The lord in act 3 scene 6 says he is both †pious† and †holy† his †white magic† runs in opposition to the witches black magic. Edward believes the heart of Scotland can be cured by pray but sends 10'000 men to assist Malcolm and MacDuff showing diplomacy and strategy. Shakespeare contrasts the various modes of kingship in the play, a combination of political manoeuvring, religious and spiritual believe and the kingly graces as defined and appreciated by loyal subjects and the optimistic conclusion that those not in possession of their worth will not be accepted as kings and throughout the play we see the that the countries suffering or prosperity is a direct reflection of the moral of its king.

Discrimination story

The movie â€Å"The Great Debaters† shows how there were discrimination and corruption in the society 75 years ago. The movie somewhat relates to discrimination and corruption to this day. For example, back in 1935, white people thought black people were lower than them. In 2013, some Americans think they are above illegal immigrants from Mexico. The racial profiling of Arabic people can compare to the thinking that every black person in the movie was a share cropper.Those are Just a ewe examples of the movie's relation to discrimination in today's United States of America. Illegal immigration can be related to how white people thought they were higher in society than black people in the sass's. Some Americans now think they are higher than immigrants from Mexico, and that is wrong. No one is higher than someone socially. I believe that illegal immigration should be stopped, but I also believe that I am no better than any one of the illegal immigrants.Americans think that Mexi can immigrants are taking our Jobs, which may or may not be true. But either way, I believe, that as long as they have documentation, they have a right to make a living. There was recently an issue of racial profiling against Arabic people because of the 9/1 1 attacks and others. This would probably be because people think that all terrorists are Muslim and none of them deserve to be on airplanes because of what happened almost 12 years ago. There have been many incidents of hate crimes against Muslim people.It has somewhat of a relation to the movie. The sheriff was beating up the two black people because of the sharecropping, so he thought that all black people were to blame. Even discrimination against gay people is an issue. There are anti-gay crimes all over the place. You hear people call each other the f-word or Just straight up â€Å"gay'. It is really not cool to say those things. Just because someone is gay does not mean they are not human. Every human is human, no matter what race, gender, sexuality, religion, or background.